Mark Twain's (18) rules of writing

[doolols]

Following on from Elmore Leonard's "Rules" of writing, here's Mark Twain's version which I came across recently:

Mark Twain's Rules of Writing.

1. A tale shall accomplish something and arrive somewhere

2. The episodes of a tale shall be necessary parts of the tale, and shall help develop it

3. The personages in a tale shall be alive, except in the case of corpses, and that always the reader shall be able to tell the corpses from the others

4. The personages in a tale, both dead and alive, shall exhibit a sufficient excuse for being there

5. when the personages of a tale deal in conversation, the talk shall sound like human talk, and be talk such as human beings would be likely to talk in the given circumstances, and have a discoverable meaning, also a discoverable purpose, and a show of relevancy, and remain in the neighborhood of the subject at hand, and be interesting to the reader, and help out the tale, and stop when the people cannot think of anything more to say

6. When the author describes the character of a personage in his tale, the conduct and conversation of that personage shall justify said description

7. When a personage talks like an illustrated, gilt-edged, tree-calf, hand-tooled, seven-dollar Friendship's Offering in the beginning of a paragraph, he shall not talk like a Negro minstrel at the end of it

8. Crass stupidities shall not be played upon the reader by either the author nor the people in the tale

9. The personages of a tale shall confine themselves to possibilities and let miracles alone; or, if they venture a miracle, the author must so plausibly set if forth as to make it look possible and reasonable

10. The author shall make the reader feel a deep interest in the personages of his tale and their fate, and that he shall make the reader love the good people in the tale and hate the bad ones

11. The characters in a tale be so clearly defined that the reader can tell beforehand what each will do in a given emergency

12. Say what he is proposing to say, not merely come near it

13. Use the right word, not its second cousin

14. Eschew surplusage

15. Not omit necessary details

16. Avoid slovenliness of form

17. Use good grammar

18. Employ a simple, straightforward style